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Ciprofloxacin
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Ciprofloxacin, sold by Bayer under the brand name Cipro, is an antibiotic. Cipro was the most widely prescribed quinolone in 1995, with U.S. sales in 1996 of 0 million.48 Bayer and firstfiler Barr49 reached agreement in January 1997.50 Bayer paid Barr 8 million by December 2003: .1 million initially, followed by quarterly payments. Although the agreement provided for private label sales along the lines of the tamoxifen agreement, this provision was not implemented. Bayer exercised its option under the agreement to pay cash instead. As with the tamoxifen agreement, Barr retained potential entitlement to the exclusivity period, without fear of losing it by losing a patent suit. Barr initially changed its Paragraph IV certification to Paragraph III, thereby certifying that it would wait to enter until patent expiration.
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The Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic preparation of the group of 4-chinolones with a wide anti-bacterial spectrum of the effect. It oppresses the replication of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid and the protein synthesis, by means of which the generative ability of the microorganisms is interrupted. It has a bactericide effect to gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, including the resistant ones to other antibacterial means: E.coli, Proteus (indolpositive and indolnegative), Providentia, Klebsiella, Enterobacteur, Cirtobacteur, Pseudomonas, Hafnia, Edwardsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Vibro cholearae, Pasteurella, Listeria, Acinectobacteur, Haemophilis, Neisseria, Corinebacterium, Ataphylococcus, Streptococcus, Chlamidia, etc. Changeable is its effect towards Serratia, Streptococcus faecalis, Str. faecium, Str. pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycobacterium, anaerobe microorganisms – Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Bacteriodes, etc.
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Ciprofloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. The bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. The mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, is different from that of penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and tetracyclines; therefore, microorganisms resistant to these classes of drugs may be susceptible to ciprofloxacin and other quinolones. There is no known cross-resistance between ciprofloxacin and other classes of antimicrobials. In vitro resistance to ciprofloxacin develops slowly by multiple step mutations.
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Ciprofloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme responsible for counteracting excessive supercoiling of DNA during replication or transcription. The mechanism of action of quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, is different from that of other antimicrobial agents such as beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides; therefore, organisms resistant to these drugs may be susceptible to ciprofloxacin. There is no known cross-resistance between ciprofloxacin and other classes of antimicrobials.
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Ciprofloxacin crosses the placenta and concentrates in amniotic fluid; maternal serum levels may be decreased during pregnancy. Reports of arthropathy (observed in immature animals and reported rarely in humans) have limited the use of fluoroquinolones in pregnancy. According to the FDA, the Teratogen Information System concluded that therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to produce substantial teratogenic risk, but data are insufficient to say that there is no risk. In general, reports of exposure have been limited to short durations of therapy in the first trimester. When considering treatment for life-threatening infection and/or prolonged duration of therapy (such as in anthrax), the potential risk to the fetus must be balanced against the severity of the potential illness.
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Ciprofloxacin belongs to a group of broad spectrum antibiotics called the quinolones. It works by entering the bacterial cell and inhibiting a chemical called DNA-gyrase which is involved in the production of genetic material (DNA). This therefore prevents the bacteria from reproducing and their growth is stopped. Ciprofloxacin is effective against several types of bacteria that tend to be resistant to other commonly used antibiotics. It is used to treat a wide range of infections, including infections of the chest, urinary tract and of the gastro-intestinal system. It is ... used as a single dose treatment for gonorrhoea.
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Ciprofloxacin